The role that eye gaze plays in social interaction has been studied across a variety of fields, including typical and atypical child development ( Baron-Cohen, 1997 Morales et al., 2000), mental health conditions, primates ( Ryan et al., 2019) and human-robot interaction ( Admoni and Scassellati, 2017). Eye gaze in particular has been identified as playing a key role in communication, with infants showing a preference for direct gaze from birth ( Farroni et al., 2002). Non-verbal behavior can enrich conversation by adding extra information, or revealing emotional states that are not expressed verbally ( Choi et al., 2005). People exchange verbal, vocal and non-verbal behaviors that convey meanings, intentions, and information. Human beings have evolved complex social-cognitive skills which enable us to exchange knowledge and communicate in multiple ways ( Herrmann et al., 2007). This review provides a starting point for future studies to make informed decisions about study methods for examining eye gaze and selecting variables of interest. However, in relation to turn initiation, the results were less consistent, requiring further investigation. These findings were remarkably consistent given the variability in methods across the 29 articles. The findings confirm that eye gaze facilitates turn yielding, plays a role in speech monitoring, prevents and repairs conversation breakdowns and facilitates intentional and unintentional speech interruptions. The main areas of variability related to number of conversants, their familiarity and status, conversation topic, data collection tools-video and eye tracking-and definitions of eye gaze. A total of 29 articles-quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods were returned, with a wide range of methodological designs. The eligibility criteria were restricted to a healthy adult population and excluded studies that manipulated eye gaze behavior. This systematized review was undertaken to summarize both the proposed functions of eye gaze in conversations of healthy adults and the methodological approaches employed. Samsung AI Center, Cambridge, United KingdomĮye gaze plays an important role in communication but understanding of its actual function or functions and the methods used to elucidate this have varied considerably.
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